By Dr. Nicole Stevens, Vice President of Clinical Research at doTERRA

What Are Carrier Oils?

Carrier oils are plant-derived fatty oils used to dilute essential oils before topical application. Unlike essential oils, which are volatile aromatic compounds commonly extracted through steam distillation or cold expression, carrier oils are non-volatile lipids typically obtained by cold-pressing the seeds, nuts, or kernels of plants. Common examples include fractionated coconut oil, jojoba oil, sweet almond oil, castor oil, and grapeseed oil.

The term "carrier" refers to these oils' primary function: they carry essential oils onto and into the skin. Because essential oils are highly concentrated plant extracts, direct application to the skin can cause sensitivity reactions in some individuals. Carrier oils provide a medium that allows for safer, more effective topical use while also offering their own beneficial properties, including moisturization and skin nourishment.

Carrier oils have been used for thousands of years across cultures. Ancient Egyptians incorporated castor oil into cosmetic preparations, while Mediterranean civilizations favored olive oil for skin and hair care, as documented in research published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Modern understanding of lipid chemistry has expanded knowledge of how these oils interact with skin structure and facilitate the absorption of other compounds.

Why Are Carrier Oils Used?

Carrier oils serve multiple functions in essential oil applications. Their primary purpose is dilution, which reduces the concentration of essential oils to levels appropriate for skin contact. However, their utility extends well beyond simple dilution.

Reducing Skin Sensitivity

Essential oils contain concentrated bioactive compounds. Certain essential oils, particularly those high in phenols or aldehydes, may cause skin irritation when applied undiluted. Carrier oils create a buffer that distributes essential oil molecules across a larger surface area, reducing the concentration at any single point of skin contact.

Slowing Evaporation

Essential oils are volatile, meaning they evaporate readily at room temperature. When applied to skin without a carrier, essential oil compounds dissipate quickly into the air. Carrier oils slow this evaporation process, extending the period during which essential oil compounds remain in contact with skin.

Providing Independent Benefits

Carrier oils contain their own beneficial constituents, including fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. Cold-pressed carrier oils retain these compounds, which contribute to skin hydration and barrier function. Ricinoleic acid in castor oil, for example, is a rare omega-9 fatty acid with documented skin-conditioning benefits according to research indexed in PubMed.

Facilitating Application

Pure essential oils have a thin, runny consistency that makes controlled application difficult. Carrier oils provide viscosity that allows for measured dispensing and even distribution during massage or targeted application.

Key reasons to use carrier oils:

• Dilute essential oil concentration for safe topical use
• Reduce potential for skin irritation and sensitivity reactions
• Extend contact time by slowing essential oil evaporation
• Moisturize and condition skin independently
• Enable controlled, even application over body surfaces
• Support massage application with an appropriate glide

Common Types of Carrier Oils

Carrier oils vary significantly in their composition, absorption characteristics, shelf stability, and suitability for different applications. Selecting an appropriate carrier oil depends on intended use, skin type, and desired outcome.

Carrier Oil	Source	Key Characteristics	Absorption Rate	Best Applications
Fractionated Coconut Oil	Coconut (Cocos nucifera) kernel	Lightweight, odorless, indefinite shelf life, non-comedogenic	Fast	All-purpose dilution, massage, and facial application
Castor Oil	Castor bean (Ricinus communis) seed	Thick, viscous, high in ricinoleic acid, deeply moisturizing	Slow	Castor oil packs, hair care, targeted skin application
Jojoba Oil	Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) seed	Technically a liquid wax, closely resembles human sebum	Medium	Facial care, oily skin, all skin types
Sweet Almond Oil	Sweet almond (Prunus dulcis) kernel	Mild, slightly nutty aroma, rich in vitamin E	Medium	Massage, general body application, dry skin
Grapeseed Oil	Grape (Vitis vinifera) seed	Light texture, mild astringent properties, high in linoleic acid	Fast	Oily or combination skin, lightweight body application
Avocado Oil	Avocado (Persea americana) fruit	Heavy, rich in oleic acid and vitamins A, D, E	Slow	Dry or mature skin, intensive moisturization
Argan Oil	Argan (Argania spinosa) kernel	Lightweight despite rich composition, high in vitamin E	Medium	Hair care, facial application, and youthful-looking formulations
Rosehip Seed Oil	Rose (Rosa canina or R. rubiginosa) seed	High in essential fatty acids, naturally occurring vitamin A	Medium	Facial care, appearance of imperfections, and mature skin
Apricot Kernel Oil	Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel	Similar to sweet almond, lighter texture	Medium-Fast	Sensitive skin, facial application, infant massage
Sunflower Oil	Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed	High in linoleic acid, supports skin barrier function	Fast	Economical option, body application, sensitive skin

Fractionated Coconut Oil: A Versatile Foundation

Fractionated coconut oil has become one of the most widely used carrier oils in essential oil applications. Unlike virgin coconut oil, which solidifies below approximately 76°F (24°C), fractionated coconut oil remains liquid at all temperatures encountered in normal use. This stability results from the removal of long-chain fatty acids during processing, leaving primarily medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).

Fractionated coconut oil offers several practical advantages. Its indefinite shelf life eliminates concerns about oxidation and rancidity that affect many other carrier oils. The absence of detectable aroma allows essential oil fragrances to remain unaltered. Its light texture absorbs readily without leaving a greasy residue, making it suitable for facial application and situations where a non-occlusive finish is desired.

From a skin compatibility standpoint, fractionated coconut oil rates as non-comedogenic, meaning it does not typically clog pores. This characteristic makes it appropriate for use on oily skin, where heavier oils might contribute to skin issues. Learn more about carrier oil applications in the doTERRA essential oils usage guide.

Castor Oil: Traditional Uses and Modern Applications

Castor oil holds a distinctive position among carrier oils due to its unusual composition. Approximately 90 percent of the fatty acid content consists of ricinoleic acid, an omega-9 fatty acid found almost exclusively in castor beans, as detailed in research published by ScienceDirect. This unique profile gives castor oil properties not shared by other common carrier oils.

Castor oil has a thick, viscous consistency that distinguishes it from lighter carriers. Where fractionated coconut oil or grapeseed oil absorb quickly, castor oil remains on the skin surface longer, providing extended moisturization for dry or compromised skin. Hair care applications take advantage of this characteristic; castor oil coats hair shafts, adding shine and reducing moisture loss.

Castor oil packs represent a traditional wellness practice that continues today. Modern users typically apply 1-2 tablespoons of castor oil to flannel or cotton cloth, place the cloth against the skin, and cover with a heat source for 30-60 minutes. The abdomen is a common application site, though other body areas may be used as well.

When selecting castor oil, cold-pressed extraction and organic certification indicate minimal processing and the absence of hexane or other chemical solvents sometimes used in oil extraction.

How to Select the Right Carrier Oil

Choosing a carrier oil involves matching oil characteristics to specific needs. Five factors merit primary consideration.

1. Skin Type Compatibility

Skin type significantly influences carrier oil selection. Lightweight, fast-absorbing oils like fractionated coconut oil and grapeseed oil suit oily or combination skin. These carriers deliver essential oils without adding occlusive layers that might exacerbate oiliness or contribute to congestion.

Dry skin benefits from richer carriers with slower absorption rates. Avocado oil, castor oil, and sweet almond oil provide extended moisturization and help prevent transepidermal water loss. Mature skin may respond well to rosehip seed oil, which contains naturally occurring compounds that support skin appearance.

Sensitive skin requires carriers with minimal potential for irritation. Jojoba oil, which closely resembles the sebum naturally produced by skin, rarely causes reactions. Apricot kernel oil offers another gentle option suitable for sensitive individuals, including infants.

2. Absorption Rate

Application context determines whether fast or slow absorption is preferable. Massage applications benefit from oils that absorb at moderate rates, providing sufficient glide without requiring constant reapplication. Sweet almond oil has long served as a standard massage carrier for this reason.

Facial applications often favor faster absorption to avoid a persistently oily appearance. Fractionated coconut oil and grapeseed oil absorb within minutes, leaving skin feeling conditioned but not greasy. Nighttime facial treatments can accommodate slower-absorbing oils like rosehip seed or argan oil, as immediate absorption matters less during sleep.

Body applications following bathing are best suited for carriers with medium absorption rates. Skin readily accepts oils when slightly damp, and medium-weight carriers like jojoba or sweet almond oil provide whole-body moisturization without excessive residue on clothing.

3. Shelf Life and Stability

Carrier oils contain unsaturated fatty acids susceptible to oxidation. Oxidized oils develop off-odors, change color, and may cause skin irritation. Shelf life varies dramatically among carrier oils.

Fractionated coconut oil resists oxidation virtually indefinitely due to its saturated fatty acid composition. Jojoba oil, technically a liquid wax rather than a true oil, also demonstrates exceptional stability.

Oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidize more readily. Grapeseed oil, rosehip seed oil, and evening primrose oil require refrigeration and consumption within 6-12 months of opening. Purchasing these oils in smaller quantities helps ensure use before degradation occurs.

4. Aroma Considerations

Most carrier oils have mild or neutral aromas that do not interfere with essential oil fragrances. Fractionated coconut oil has essentially no detectable scent. Sweet almond oil and apricot kernel oil carry slight, pleasant nutty notes that blend unobtrusively with most essential oils.

Certain carriers have more pronounced aromas. Unrefined avocado oil has a distinctly green, vegetal scent. Virgin coconut oil (not fractionated) smells strongly of coconut. Sesame oil carries a characteristic roasted note. These aromas combine with essential oils rather than disappearing beneath them, which may or may not be desirable depending on the intended blend.

5. Intended Application

Specific uses may dictate carrier selection. Castor oil, with its unusual thickness and composition, suits applications like hair conditioning and traditional castor oil packs, where its specific properties offer advantages. Lighter carriers would not provide equivalent effects in these contexts.

Targeted facial applications often favor oils with documented benefits for skin appearance. Rosehip seed oil and argan oil have developed reputations for benefitting facial skin, while heavier oils like olive or castor would be less typical choices for routine facial use.

What Is the Difference Between Carrier Oils and Essential Oils?

Carrier oils and essential oils originate from plants but differ fundamentally in composition, extraction, and application. Understanding these differences helps ensure safe and effective use.

Characteristic	Carrier Oils	Essential Oils
Chemical nature	Fatty acids (triglycerides)	Volatile aromatic compounds (terpenes, phenols, aldehydes)
Extraction method	Cold-pressing, expeller-pressing	Steam distillation, cold expression (citrus)
Volatility	Non-volatile; do not evaporate at room temperature	Volatile; evaporate readily, producing characteristic aromas
Aroma intensity	Mild or absent	Concentrated aromatic properties
Concentration	Generally safe undiluted	Typically require dilution for topical use
Solubility	Hydrophobic (oil-soluble)	Hydrophobic (oil-soluble); dissolve in carrier oils
Shelf life	6 months to indefinite, depending on type	Generally, 1-3 years when properly stored
Plant yield	Relatively high	Very low; large amounts of plant material required

Essential oils consist of volatile organic compounds, molecules small enough to evaporate and reach olfactory receptors. A single essential oil may contain dozens to hundreds of distinct chemical constituents. These compounds give essential oils their characteristic aromas and their various properties.

Carrier oils are primarily triglycerides: fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. These larger molecules do not evaporate under normal conditions. While carrier oils lack the aromatic intensity of essential oils, they provide fatty acids, vitamins, and other compounds that benefit skin directly.

The two oil types serve complementary functions. Essential oils provide concentrated aromatic and topical properties; carrier oils provide the dilution medium and their own skin-conditioning benefits. Used together, they form complete formulations suitable for safe topical application.

How to Dilute Essential Oils with Carrier Oils

Proper dilution ensures safe topical application while maintaining effectiveness. Dilution ratios express the percentage of essential oil in the total mixture.

Dilution Percentage	Essential Oil Drops per 1 Tablespoon (15 mL) Carrier Oil	Essential Oil Drops per 1 Teaspoon (5 mL) Carrier Oil	Common Applications
0.5%	4-5 drops	1-2 drops	Infants (with appropriate oils), highly sensitive skin
1%	9 drops	3 drops	Facial application, sensitive areas, daily long-term use
2%	18 drops	6 drops	Standard adult body application, daily use
3%	27 drops	9 drops	Localized application, short-term use
5%	45 drops	15 drops	Targeted application, acute short-term situations under advised recommendation

General Guidelines

For most adult topical applications, we recommend 1 drop of skin-safe essential oil to 10 drops of carrier oil.

Children require lower dilution ratios than adults. Many practitioners recommend 0.5 to 1 percent dilutions for children, with essential oil selection also modified to include only oils considered appropriate for pediatric use.

Certain essential oils, particularly those high in compounds like cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, or thymol, may require additional dilution beyond standard ratios. Conversely, some gentle essential oils like lavender may be well-tolerated at slightly higher concentrations, though individual responses always vary.

Patch Testing

Before applying any new essential oil dilution to larger skin areas, patch testing helps identify potential sensitivity. Apply a small amount of the diluted oil to the inner forearm skin. Wait 24 hours while observing for redness, itching, or irritation. If no reaction occurs, the dilution may generally be used on other body areas. If a reaction occurs, discontinue use of that particular blend or try a lower dilution ratio.

How to Store Carrier Oils

Proper storage extends carrier oil usability and prevents degradation that can affect both performance and skin compatibility.

Temperature

Cool storage slows oxidation. Refrigeration benefits polyunsaturated oils like grapeseed, rosehip seed, and evening primrose oil. Saturated and monounsaturated oils like fractionated coconut oil, jojoba oil, and olive oil typically remain stable at room temperature in climate-controlled environments.

Avoid storing carrier oils near heat sources such as stoves, heating vents, or in direct sunlight. Temperature fluctuations accelerate degradation.

Light Exposure

Ultraviolet light promotes oxidation. Amber or dark glass bottles provide protection. If carrier oils come in clear containers, store them in dark cabinets or drawers away from light exposure.

Air Exposure

Oxygen accelerates oxidation. Close containers tightly after each use. As oil levels decrease, consider transferring remaining oil to smaller containers to minimize the air-to-oil ratio.

Signs of Rancidity

Rancid carrier oils develop detectable changes. Off-odors, often described as musty, painty, or reminiscent of crayons, indicate oxidation. Color changes, particularly darkening or development of a cloudy appearance, may also signal degradation. Rancid oils should be discarded rather than applied to skin, as oxidized fatty acids may cause irritation.

Frequently Asked Questions About Carrier Oils

What is the best carrier oil for beginners?

Fractionated coconut oil often serves as an ideal starting carrier oil. Its indefinite shelf life removes concerns about spoilage before use. Its lack of detectable aroma allows essential oil fragrances to come through unaltered. Its lightweight texture absorbs quickly without leaving greasy residue. Its non-comedogenic profile makes it suitable for facial as well as body application. These characteristics combine to create a versatile, forgiving carrier appropriate for those new to essential oil use.

Can you use carrier oils without essential oils?

Carrier oils provide benefits independent of essential oils. Many people apply jojoba oil as a standalone facial moisturizer, use argan oil as a hair conditioning treatment, or massage sweet almond oil into dry skin without adding essential oils. Castor oil packs traditionally use castor oil alone, without essential oil additions. Carrier oils contain their own fatty acids and vitamins that support the appearance of skin and hair directly.

Do carrier oils expire?

Carrier oils do not expire in the same manner as perishable foods, but they do oxidize over time. Shelf life varies by oil composition. Fractionated coconut oil and jojoba oil resist oxidation and remain usable indefinitely when stored properly. Oils high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including grapeseed oil, rosehip seed oil, hemp seed oil, and evening primrose oil, typically remain optimal for 6-12 months after opening when refrigerated. Signs of rancidity include off-odors, color changes, and altered texture. Expired oils should be discarded.

What carrier oil is best for sensitive skin?

Jojoba oil consistently ranks among the most suitable carriers for sensitive skin. Its composition closely resembles human sebum, reducing the likelihood of adverse reactions. Apricot kernel oil provides another gentle option, with a composition similar to sweet almond oil but often better tolerated by sensitive individuals. Fractionated coconut oil rarely causes sensitivity due to its highly refined nature. When beginning use of any new carrier oil, patch testing remains advisable for individuals with known skin sensitivities.

Are carrier oils safe during pregnancy?

Most common carrier oils are considered safe during pregnancy when used topically in recommended amounts. Carrier oils do not contain the volatile compounds present in essential oils that raise caution during pregnancy. However, any topical product application during pregnancy warrants discussion with a healthcare provider. Certain essential oils are generally avoided during pregnancy, so carrier oil selection often matters less than essential oil selection for pregnant individuals.

What is fractionated coconut oil?

Fractionated coconut oil is coconut oil that has undergone a separation process to remove long-chain fatty acids, leaving primarily medium-chain triglycerides (caprylic and capric acids). This processing creates an oil that remains liquid at all temperatures, has no detectable coconut aroma, and resists oxidation indefinitely. While virgin coconut oil solidifies below approximately 76°F (24°C), fractionated coconut oil stays liquid even under refrigeration. The fractionation process also removes the compounds responsible for the coconut's characteristic scent and taste.

Can I use olive oil as a carrier oil?

Olive oil can function as a carrier oil and has been used for this purpose throughout history. However, it has characteristics that make it less ideal than purpose-selected carrier oils for many applications. Its distinct aroma combines with and may compete with essential oil fragrances. Its heavier texture absorbs slowly and may leave oily residue. Its comedogenic rating suggests potential for pore-clogging in some individuals. For essential oil dilution, carriers like fractionated coconut oil, jojoba oil, or sweet almond oil typically provide more versatile performance.

How much carrier oil should I use?

The amount depends on the application area and purpose. For localized applications to small areas, 1-2 teaspoons of carrier oil typically suffices. Full-body massage requires 1-2 tablespoons or more, depending on body size and absorption into skin. Facial applications generally use 3-6 drops of carrier oil. Hair treatments may use 1-2 tablespoons for full scalp and hair coverage, while castor oil packs traditionally use 1-2 tablespoons saturated into cloth. Start with smaller amounts and add more as needed; excess carrier oil simply requires longer absorption time.

Selecting Quality Carrier Oils

Carrier oil quality varies based on sourcing, extraction methods, and storage throughout the supply chain. Several factors indicate higher-quality carrier oils.

Extraction Method

Cold-pressing extracts oils mechanically without heat or chemical solvents. This method preserves heat-sensitive compounds, including certain vitamins and antioxidants. The term "expeller-pressed" indicates mechanical extraction but may involve some heat generation from friction. Solvent-extracted oils use chemical solvents like hexane to maximize yield; these oils undergo refinement to remove solvent residues but may lack some compounds present in cold-pressed equivalents.

Refinement Level

Unrefined or "virgin" carrier oils retain more of their natural color, aroma, and minor constituents. Refined oils undergo processing that removes color, odor, and potential irritants, resulting in lighter, more neutral products. Neither is inherently superior; selection depends on intended use. Unrefined oils provide more complete nutrient profiles; refined oils provide neutral bases that do not affect essential oil aromas.

Third-Party Testing

Reputable carrier oil suppliers test for purity, identity confirmation, and contaminants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and microbial content. Documentation of testing provides quality assurance beyond label claims.

doTERRA Carrier Oil Products

doTERRA offers carrier oils formulated to meet the needs of essential oil users seeking quality, purity, and consistency.

doTERRA Castor Oil is Certified USDA Organic, cold-pressed, hexane-free, and vegan-friendly. Rich in ricinoleic acid, a rare omega-9 fatty acid, and other beneficial omegas, doTERRA Castor Oil deeply hydrates skin and hair. Bottled in protective amber glass and tested to meet doTERRA quality standards, it provides a versatile option for castor oil packs, hair care, facial care with essential oils like Frankincense and Yarrow|Pom, and daily wellness routines.

doTERRA Fractionated Coconut Oil provides a lightweight, non-greasy carrier that absorbs quickly and has an indefinite shelf life. Its neutral aroma allows essential oil fragrances to remain unaltered. Its non-comedogenic profile makes it suitable for facial application. Its liquid consistency at all temperatures ensures easy dispensing and mixing. doTERRA Fractionated Coconut Oil serves as an all-purpose carrier for essential oil dilution, massage, and skin care applications.

Both carrier oils undergo testing consistent with doTERRA CPTG Certified Pure Tested Grade^® quality protocol, providing assurance of purity and quality.

Final Thoughts On Carrier Oils

Carrier oils are non-volatile, plant-derived fatty oils used to dilute essential oils for safe topical application. They reduce skin sensitivity, slow evaporation of volatile essential oil compounds, and provide independent moisturizing benefits. Common carrier oils include fractionated coconut oil, castor oil, jojoba oil, sweet almond oil, grapeseed oil, and numerous others, each with distinct characteristics suited to particular applications.

Selecting a carrier oil involves considering skin type compatibility, absorption rate, shelf life, aroma, and intended use. Dilution ratios typically range from 0.5 percent for sensitive applications to 1-2 percent for standard adult body use. Proper storage in cool temperatures, minimal light exposure, and airtight containers maximizes carrier oil shelf life.

Understanding carrier oil properties enables informed selection and effective use in essential oil applications. Whether using fractionated coconut oil for its versatility, castor oil for its traditional applications, or other carriers matched to specific needs, appropriate carrier oil selection supports safe and effective topical essential oil use.

About Dr. Nicole Stevens

Dr. Nicole Stevens serves as Vice President of Clinical Research at doTERRA, where she leads scientific investigations into essential oil properties and applications. With over 25 years of experience in essential oil research, Dr. Stevens has worked in quality control laboratories in the nutraceutical industry and academic research laboratories at the University of Utah and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Cancer Research Institute. Dr. Stevens earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in technical writing and a Master of Science in botany, both from Brigham Young University, and a second Master of Science in public health from Purdue University. She completed her doctorate in biochemistry and molecular biology from the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, investigating essential oil metabolomics and mechanisms of action.